INVESTIGATING THE BURDEN AND RISK FACTORS OF DRY EYE SYNDROME AMONG COMPUTER ENGINEERING UNDERGRADUATES STUDENTS IN PAKISTAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY

Abstract

Background: Eye syndrome encompassing dry eye disease and the broader spectrum of computer vision syndrome (CVS) is a multifactorial condition causing ocular discomfort and visual disturbance, particularly common among individuals with prolonged digital screen exposure. With the rapid expansion of digital learning and screen-based coursework in engineering education across Pakistan, computer engineering undergraduates represent a population at heightened risk. Objectives: To investigate the burden, demographic distribution, severity, and risk factors of eye syndrome among undergraduate computer engineering students in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among computer engineering undergraduates at a Pakistani engineering institution. Data on demographic characteristics, daily screen time, physical activity levels, eye-care habits, and ocular symptoms were gathered using a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and inferential tests (chi-square and logistic regression) were applied to examine associations between screen exposure and symptom severity. Results: Ocular symptoms were widely reported across the study sample, with the majority of students describing dryness, eye fatigue, and intermittent irritation. A large proportion of participants exceeded four hours of daily screen exposure, while engagement in regular physical activity remained low. Symptom burden appeared to increase with the duration of screen exposure, and female students, although a smaller proportion of the sample, tended to report more severe symptoms than their male counterparts. Conclusion: Prolonged digital screen exposure is strongly associated with eye syndrome symptoms among Pakistani computer engineering undergraduates. Targeted preventive strategies including structured screen breaks, ergonomic awareness, and promotion of physical activity are recommended to address this emerging occupational and academic health concern.