MODIFIABLE AND NON-MODIFIABLE RISK FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE

Abstract

Background: Various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors are associated with NAFLD. The most important aspect for coping with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is lifestyle modification. Objective: We aim to determine the association of each modifiable and non-modifiable risk factor with NAFLD frequency wise. Methodology: The study conducted at Aziz Fatima Hospital focused on assessing risk factors for Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in a population of 213 patients aged 30 to 70. Using a cross- sectional design, we collected data on modifiable factors (such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, etc.) and non-modifiable factors (age, gender) through a self-structured questionnaire validated via a pilot study. Participants were diagnosed with NAFLD based on ultrasound findings and excluded if pregnant, consuming alcohol, or had certain viral infections or liver diseases. Convenience sampling was used, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20 software. Ultrasounds were conducted by a Sonologist using a GE LOGIQ P7 Ultrasound machine. This comprehensive approach aimed to provide insights into NAFLD risk factors within the specified population. Results: The study investigated modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors associated with non- alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Among modifiable factors, hypertension demonstrated the highest prevalence (66.7%), followed by diabetes (63.4%), high cholesterol (50.2%), and heart disease (38.0%). Additionally, dietary habits such as regular consumption of oily (70.0%) and junk foods (65.7%) were prevalent among participants. Sedentary lifestyle was common, with a significant proportion reporting barriers to exercise (42.7%). Most participants were overweight (38.5%) or obese (33.3%), and insufficient sleep duration (66.2%) was prevalent. Demographic findings revealed a higher incidence of NAFLD among women (63.8%) and individuals from rural areas (50.7%). These findings shed light on the multifaceted nature of NAFLD risk factors, emphasizing the need for comprehensive prevention and management strategies. Conclusion: Age and gender remain immutable factors, lifestyle modifications targeting diabetes, hypertension, and unhealthy dietary habits offer avenues for prevention. Obesity, sedentary behavior, and inadequate sleep emerge as significant modifiable risk factors contributing to NAFLD prevalence, particularly among women. Dietary changes and regular physical activity hold promise in reducing NAFLD incidence and mitigating its progression to advanced liver diseases.