STEM CELL THERAPY FOR CORNEAL AND RETINAL REGENERATION: ASSESSING THE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF STEM CELL-BASED TREATMENTS FOR CORNEAL INJURIES AND RETINAL DISEASES

Abstract

Glaucoma constitutes a comprehensive classification of ocular diseases that are characterized by a progressive and irreversible deterioration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) along with the associated axonal projections that extend from these neurons, ultimately leading to significant impairment of visual function. The functions of the cornea, including transparency, refractive properties, and structural integrity, are compromised in various corneal pathologies; however, these functions can be rehabilitated subsequent to corneal transplantation procedures, such as penetrating and lamellar keratoplasties. Nonetheless, the worldwide deficit of available donor corneas for transplantation continues to be a considerable issue, placing patients at enduring risk of immunological reactions and the potential for graft failure. Numerous empirical investigations and scholarly articles have elucidated the remarkable capacity of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to undergo a complex process of differentiation. Thereby, leading to the generation of a diverse array of specialized cell types that are intrinsic to the structure and functionality of the cornea. In addition to the acellular characteristics of exosomes that address challenges related to cellular fate regulation and the development of tumors, the constituents within these vesicles can be genetically engineered to enhance therapeutic efficacy. At this current juncture in scientific research and clinical practice, there is a conspicuous absence of a robust and effective methodology that can comprehensively tackle and fundamentally rectify the pressing issue of retinal ganglion cell degeneration, which poses significant challenges to both understanding and treating various ocular diseases. Recent breakthroughs show that visual restoration may be possible through stem cell therapy, which replaces damaged RGCs via cell transplants, nourishes injured RGCs, and delivers healthy cellular elements to promote neuroprotection and stimulate the self-renewal of retinal stem cells for intrinsic RGC regeneration. This article explores cutting-edge advancements in retinal stem cell transdifferentiation, corneal, and rejuvenation of RGC aging, while addressing the challenges faced in translating stem cell therapy to clinical practice.