EFFICACY AND RISKS PROFILES OF “GLP-1 RECEPTOR AGONISTS” IN TYPE 2 DIABETES AND OBESITY: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF BENEFITS AND RISKS

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are among the most pressing global health challenges, with rising prevalence and severe associated complications, including cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, and premature mortality. “Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs)” have emerged as promising therapeutic agents that address both conditions by improving glycemic control, reducing body weight, and offering cardiometabolic benefits. However, their clinical application is tempered by safety concerns and adherence challenges. This systematic literature review (SLR), conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, critically examines both the efficacy as well as risk profiles of “GLP-1RAs” in the management of obesity and T2D. A search strategy was designed to identify 20 eligible articles from PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. These articles mainly included randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, cohort studies, and systematic reviews published between 2016 and 2025. Thematic analysis revealed consistent evidence supporting “GLP-1RAs”’ benefits, including “significant reductions in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, body mass index, and waist circumference, alongside cardioprotective and renoprotective outcomes.” Agents such as “semaglutide” and “tirzepatide” demonstrated the most pronounced effects, particularly when used in combination therapies. At the same time, gastrointestinal adverse events (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) were the most common risks, often leading to high discontinuation rates. Rare but serious events such as pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, and potential cancer associations were also reported, though evidence remains inconclusive. Subgroup vulnerabilities and socioeconomic disparities further complicate treatment access and adherence. This review highlights the need for personalized prescribing strategies, better management of gastrointestinal side effects, and long-term pharmacovigilance. Future research should explore cost-effectiveness, patient adherence, and comparative safety against alternative therapies to guide clinical and policy decisions.

Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes, GLP-1RA, Obesity, Risks, Benefits, Weight Reduction