PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN TEHSIL MAMUND, BAJAUR AGENCY, PAKISTAN

Abstract

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. In Pakistan, it is commonly reported from Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Punjab, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK), and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of CL in Tehsil Wara and Tehsil Lowy Mamaund of Bajaur Agency. Methods: In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 207 clinically suspected CL cases from the community and basic health units were examined. Convenience sampling was used. After obtaining informed consent, demographic and clinical data (age, sex, lesion number, type, and site) were recorded. Smears from lesion margins were prepared, fixed with methanol, stained with Giemsa, and examined microscopically for amastigotes. Results: Of 207 suspected cases, 134 (64.73%) were confirmed positive. Prevalence was higher in females (68.30%, n=86/126) than in males (59.26%, n=48/81). The highest infection rate was in the 1-10 years age group (44.93%). The face was the most common lesion site (82.6%, n=171). Most patients had a single lesion (81.2%, n=168), and the wet type of lesion was predominant (93.71%, n=194). Conclusion: Cutaneous leishmaniasis remains a significant public health problem in the study area, disproportionately affecting young children and females. Community awareness and vector control measures are urgently needed.