HUMAN AND LIVESTOCK HEALTH RISKS OF Parthenium hysterophorus L.: A REVIEW

Abstract

Parthenium hysterophorus L. is a highly invasive weed of the family Asteraceae that has become a serious public health, veterinary and agricultural problem in many tropical and subtropical regions, including Pakistan. Its rapid spread is driven by prolific seed production, long seed viability, efficient dispersal through wind, water, livestock movement, farm machinery and strong allelopathic potential that suppresses native vegetation and pasture species. This review synthesizes published evidence (1990–2025) on the major health hazards of Parthenium hysterophorus for humans and livestock and highlights management options under a One Health framework. In humans, exposure to pollen, plant hairs, and airborne plant particles is strongly associated with allergic disorders. Studies from heavily infested rural settings report that approximately 10–25% of exposed individuals develop allergic contact dermatitis, while 8–15% experience respiratory problems such as allergic rhinitis, asthma and bronchitis. Eye and mucosal irritation, including conjunctivitis and tearing has been reported in 5–10% of exposed populations. Livestock grazing in Parthenium-infested rangelands shows reduced feed intake, weakness, diarrhea, oral lesions and dermatitis, with reported productivity losses including 10–30% reduction in milk yield and 10–15% loss in body weight. The weed also degrades grazing lands, indirectly increasing fodder scarcity and economic burden on rural communities. Integrated management combining mechanical removal, selective herbicides, biological control and awareness programs is essential to reduce exposure and protect human and animal health.