SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF THE SYNANTHROPIC FLY MUSCA DOMESTICA IN PAKISTAN BASED ON GBIF OCCURRENCE RECORDS (2010–2025)

Abstract

Musca domestica (housefly) is a medically important synanthropic insect with a well-documented role in the mechanical transmission of human pathogens. This study investigates the spatiotemporal distribution and seasonal dynamics of M. domestica in Pakistan using occurrence records obtained from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) for the period 2010–2025. After data filtering, 18,739 georeferenced records were analyzed. Temporal trends revealed a substantial increase in occurrence records after 2018, with a peak in 2024, indicating intensified reporting and/or expansion of synanthropic populations. Spatial analysis demonstrated widespread distribution across Pakistan, with pronounced clustering in densely populated and agriculturally active regions. Density-based hotspot analysis identified high-risk zones associated with urban centers, livestock operations, and waste accumulation sites. Seasonal patterns showed peak occurrence during late summer and early autumn, followed by a marked decline in winter, reflecting environmental constraints on population dynamics. These findings highlight the strong association of M. domestica with human-modified environments and underscore its potential role in pathogen transmission in high-density regions. This study demonstrates the utility of open-access biodiversity data in identifying vector hotspots and provides a baseline framework for integrating ecological surveillance into public health risk assessment and vector control strategies.