MOLECULAR, GENETICS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES OF ADDUCINE FAMILY GENES IN HYPERTENSION – A REVIEW

Abstract

Background: Hypertension remains a primary global health challenge and a leading cause of cardiovascular and renal morbidity. While lifestyle factors are well-documented, the molecular and genetic architecture of essential hypertension specifically the role of cytoskeletal proteins in renal sodium handling—requires deeper investigation. The adducin family of genes (ADD1, ADD2, ADD3) has emerged as a critical regulator of the Na+-K+-ATPase pump and cellular structural integrity. Objective: The primary objective of this study is to evaluate the molecular, genetic, and pathophysiological roles of adducin family genes in the development and progression of hypertension, with a specific focus on the Gly460Trp polymorphism. Methodology: This research utilizes a comprehensive review-based analytical approach, synthesizing high-impact clinical data and molecular studies. Data from diverse populations were analyzed to determine the prevalence and impact of specific allelic variations on blood pressure regulation. Results: Analysis of existing literature indicates that the alpha-adducin (ADD1) Trp460 variant significantly increases the activity and surface expression of Na+-K+-ATPase pumps in renal cells. This molecular "trap" mechanism leads to inappropriate sodium retention and subsequent fluid volume expansion. Furthermore, evidence suggests a strong epistatic interaction between ADD1 and ADD3 variants, where multiple mutations within the adducin family compound the risk of left ventricular hypertrophy and stroke. Conclusion: The adducin family genes play a central role in the pathophysiology of salt-sensitive hypertension. Identifying these genetic markers offers significant potential for pharmacogenomics, specifically in predicting positive patient responses to diuretic therapies. Understanding these molecular pathways is essential for transitioning from generalized treatment to personalized clinical management of hypertensive disorders.